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"tags.php3333_%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4.txt" [280]=> string(35) "tags.php3333_%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9A.txt" [281]=> string(19) "tags.php3333_5G.txt" [282]=> string(21) "tags.php3333_AWS_.txt" [283]=> string(23) "tags.php3333_Oracle.txt" } 压电马达工作原理及分类_前沿投讯-科技创造价值

http://www.froninvest.com

压电马达工作原理及分类

2019-08-21 分类：无人机 阅读()

  导语：由于压电马达具有体积小精度高等优势，目前越来越多的用户选择该产品替代传统的电机定位产品。目前市面上常用的压电马达有三种：粘滑式压电马达；步进式压电马达和超声波或共振压电马达。这三种类型都有其特定的有点和用途，下文会通过原理详细介绍这三种压电马达。

压电马达原理简介

  1）粘滑式压电马达

图1、粘滑式压电马达工作原理图

  如图1所示，阐述了粘滑式压电马达的工作原理，粘滑式压电马达主要由轴承、滑块（即移动部分）、接触点、一端固定的压电促动器组成。压电陶瓷的的长度随着施加电压的变化而变长或变短，由于滑块与接触点的摩擦力滑块会随着压电陶瓷的形变一起运动，如图1中第二个图所示。这一过程又称为粘贴阶段（stick-phase）。当压电陶瓷到最大形变量时，施加快速降低的电压使压电陶瓷快速回缩到初始状态。如图1中第三个图所示，由于惯性滑块保持静止，而压电陶瓷回复到了初始状态，这一阶段也被称为滑动阶段（slip-phase），也是这一阶段导致了滑块的净位移。重复以上两个阶段使平台产生宏观的位移。

  2）步进式压电马达

图2、步进式压电马达原理图

  典型的步进式压电马达至少由3个压电促动器，如图2中的第一幅图所以，其中A和B促动器用来接触滑块，并扮演卡紧机构的角色。而C促动器则用来使滑块产生平移运动。

  在静止时，促动器A和B同时接触滑块。当开始运动时，促动器B膨胀，A缩回，此时只有B与滑块接触，如图2中第一幅图所示。于此同时C形变通过B与滑块的接触使滑块产生位移如图2中第二幅图所示。然后促动器A膨胀，B缩回，此时只有A与滑块接触如图2中第三幅图所示，随后压电陶瓷C缩回至初始位置如图2第四幅图所示。最后再次缩回A，膨胀B，重复以上状态是滑块产生宏观位移。

  3）超声波压电马达

  对于这种类型的压电马达，滑块的运动是通过接触点的椭圆振荡产生。如下图所示。

图3、超声波马达原理结构图

  图3中的第一幅图展示了超声波马达的主要结构，第二幅图展示了压电马达的两种工作状态，左图接触点沿切线方向移动，即运动方向，右图接触点沿上下运动。对压电陶瓷施加电信号，同时产生这两种模式，并使相位差为正负90°这会使接触点产生椭圆振动如图3中第一幅图所示。此外，接触点的轨迹也可由驱动信号的幅值和频率控制。

不同类型压电马达的特点

  1）粘滑式压电马达

  在粘贴阶段滑块的移动量即是压电陶瓷的形变量，因此对于该阶段，平台拥有较高的分辨率。在滑动阶段，压电陶瓷会快速缩回，这将产生振动和噪声，噪声可能非常刺耳，当人长期在平台周围工作时设置会引发健康问题。此外由于压电陶瓷需要往复快速缩回，导致接触点的材料大量磨损，限制了平台的使用寿命。粘滑式马达使用DC扫描模式时具有较高的分辨率，但是在断电的情况下并不能0漂移保持在纳米量级的定位。另外对于粘滑式的压电马达速度被限制在约20mm/s。

  2）步进压电马达

  步进式压电马达一般拥有较高的输出力，输出力高达10N。移动时由压电陶瓷形变推动滑块移动，因此可以达到较高的分辨率，可时间纳米级别的定位并且没有漂移。但是由于该类型马达的移动需要多个压电陶瓷配合，这限制了压电位移平台的速度，通常小于10mm/s。此外因为无法达到严格的公差，导致接触点的摩擦，导致了平台较低的寿命，此外该电机通常由多个压电陶瓷组合使用使其成本较高。

  3）超声波马达

  该马达是将椭圆振荡推动滑块移动，产生很小的位移，并通过高频率产生极高的速度，通常可达到100mm/s,并且没有噪声，良好的可重复性，电机在定位后无漂移实现自锁。并且拥有较长的使用寿命，通常在10-100km。但是该马达输出力较小，通常只有1N，位移精度会比其它两种马达略差。

三种压电马达技术参数对比

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