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http:/www.froninvest.com

毁灭性的鼠疫菌株出现了两次可能会卷土重来

在黑死病横扫欧洲三分之一到一半之前的许多世纪,一场同样致命的瘟疫——查士丁尼大瘟疫在公元541年到543年之间的短短两年间夺去了1亿人的生命

长期以来,科学家们一直在争论对人类造成巨大破坏的两种最致命的瘟疫之间的联系。现在,一个国际研究小组通过分析查士丁尼瘟疫中死亡的两个人的遗体得出结论,认为这次大流行是由两种不同的鼠疫耶尔森菌引起的。

导致查士丁尼瘟疫的菌株可能早在14世纪黑死病出现之前就灭绝了。

研究人员说,这对今天的人们来说确实是个令人不安的消息。他们的发现表明,如果这种可怕的鼠疫细菌在之前两次独立地出现,那么没有理由明天就不会出现另一种毒株……今天潜伏在老鼠毛皮里筑巢的跳蚤的肠道里。

这项最新研究发表在今天(1月27日)的《柳叶刀传染病》杂志上。

导致黑死病的细菌,耶尔森氏鼠疫杆菌,存在于某些以啮齿动物为食的跳蚤的肠道内。被感染的跳蚤咬一口就能把疾病传染给人类。[需要注意的6个超级细菌]

“瘟疫仍然是一个现实的威胁在世界的一些地方,像马达加斯加,有更多的人类鼠疫病例比其他任何国家——数百每年超过一千例,”戴夫·瓦格纳博士说,co-first-author研究副教授在北亚利桑那大学微生物遗传学和基因组学中心。

即使是在美国,每年平均也有7例黑死病感染,它们是由大约100年前从中国传入加州的一种毒株引起的。

如果在感染后的几天内进行治疗,可以用抗生素治愈鼠疫。与中世纪欧洲和亚洲的情况不同,富裕国家的大多数人与携带跳蚤的啮齿动物生活得并不近,这意味着鼠疫大流行的可能性不大。

然而,一场淋巴腺鼠疫的流行可能在缺乏适当卫生条件的贫穷国家肆虐,在感染后的短短几天内就会造成恶性和不分青红皂白的死亡。

“马达加斯加有很多鼠疫病例的主要原因是他们有大量的非土著居民,他们是鼠疫的良好宿主,”Wagner告诉LiveScience。在美国,宿主通常是其他种类的啮齿动物,如土拨鼠。

在此之前,瓦格纳曾在一个研究小组工作,该小组认为查士丁尼瘟疫实际上是由鼠疫耶尔森氏菌引起的淋巴腺鼠疫,从而解决了长期以来的争论。他们通过对两名瘟疫受害者的DNA分析得出了这个结论。

这项新的研究进行了更深入的探索,并将出土的查士丁尼菌株与研究充分的黑死病菌株进行了比较。研究人员从埋葬在德国巴伐利亚州的这两名受害者的牙齿中分离出了微小的DNA片段。(这一壮举本身就获得了已知最古老的人类病原体基因组。)

利用这些DNA片段,研究人员重建了鼠疫耶尔森菌的基因组,并将其与来自100多个现代菌株的基因组数据库进行了比较。科学家们发现,这种更古老的毒株是一种进化上的“死胡同”,与黑死病及其后爆发的毒株截然不同。

事实上,研究人员发现,第三次也是最近一次的鼠疫大流行(1850年左右起源于香港,导致数百万人死亡)与席卷欧洲的黑死病是同一种瘟疫。换句话说,古老的毒株已经消失了,只有黑死病毒株留下来,导致了1850年的流行病。

“这项研究既令人着迷,又令人困惑,它产生了需要探索的新问题,”该研究的资深作者、安大略省汉密尔顿市麦克马斯特大学麦克马斯特古代DNA中心主任亨德里克·波因纳尔(Hendrik Poinar)博士说。“例如,查士丁尼大流行造成5000万到1亿人死亡,为什么它会消失?”

波因纳尔说,他希望对古代基因组的研究能够回答这些问题,从而帮助预防今天的这种流行病。

研究人员还确定查士丁尼菌株可能起源于亚洲,尽管一些人推测它起源于非洲。但是科学家们不知道什么时候。早期的瘟疫,如雅典瘟疫(约公元前430年)和安东尼瘟疫(约公元165年),也可能是特别强毒的耶尔森氏鼠疫菌株的独立出现。

医生警告说,在这个全球交通和移民快速发展的世界上,流行病可能以多种形式出现,并持续构成威胁。上一次大流行是1918年的流感大流行,当时有5亿人感染,至少7500万人死亡。自1980年以来,艾滋病毒/艾滋病大流行已夺去约3000万人的生命。

然而,黑死病在杀死如此高比例的欧洲人口方面是极端的——事实上,可以说,是社会变革的原因终结了古典时代,然后,800年后,诞生了文艺复兴。

关注Christopher Wanjek @ wanjek@wanjekfor,获取关于健康和科学的幽默每日推特。Wanjek是《工作中的食物》和《坏药》的作者。他的专栏《坏药》(Bad Medicine)定期出现在《生活科学》(Live Science)上。

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